Before we can solve the
housing and environmental problems created by UCONN at its Storrs campus, it is
useful to remind ourselves of how underdog opponents have succeeded in the
past. Perhaps the greatest example of how an underdog achieved success is the
story of David and Goliath. In today's world, the modern Goliath is an
institution with billions of dollars, a feigning allegiance to the law and with
an iron grip on the people's purse. David had nothing more than a sling
shot. As the story goes, Goliath was felled by the sharp shooting David who
flung a stone to Goliath's forehead. While this story may suggest a violent
outcome is the solution, the real purpose of this story is to suggest that
intellectual innovation – rather than battling one’s neighbor is the best long
term solution.
Is it even possible for
Mansfield to come to amicable terms with the University of Connecticut on its
housing and environmental issues without creating an atmosphere of ill will?
More importantly, is that really the outcome Mansfield residents seek? I
would suggest that the real solution to many of the problems UCONN has created
for Mansfield residents will require legislative, executive and judicial
actions that establish the university as a private for profit corporation or as
a private non-profit organization and not a government agency. The reasons for suggesting a re-assessment of
the university’s mission is that it has gradually transformed itself from a
public institution for public good to one where private business interests have
taken the reign of power. While university promoters may argue that what is
good for business is good for the state of Connecticut, this muddies the distinctions
between a “public good” and a “private benefit.” The table below summaries the
principles of “public good” and “private benefit” and contrasts these
principles to how UCONN currently operates. As can be seen, almost all of
UCONN’s educational and mission activities have veered toward an emphasis on
private benefit even when many of these activities are clothed in the language
of “public good” or “public benefit.” While sharp distinctions between these
two opposing principles are impossible to maintain when business interests have
overtaken much of the university’s educational programs, these paradigms reveal
the degree to which the school’s alliances have shifted from being a school for
in-state students to one serving the entire world.
A
Comparison of an Education based on the Public Good offered to residents of the
state versus an education based on achieving Private benefits
Public Good
|
Private Benefit
|
UCONN’s Approach
|
Standard Dormitory Rates for all
|
Variable Dormitory Rates
|
Variable Dormitory Rates
|
Public Bldgs. for Public Purposes
|
Corporate Use of Public Bldgs.
|
Corporate Use of Public Bldgs.
|
Agricultural Land for Land Grant Purposes
|
Agricultural Land sold for Corporate uses
|
Agricultural Land sold for Corporate uses
|
Affordable Tuition for in-state Students
|
Tuition as a Revenue Generator
|
Tuition as Revenue Generator
|
Vehicles not allowed On-Campus
Vehicles
|
On-Campus vehicle parking &
fees charged for parking
|
On-Campus vehicle parking & fees charged for parking
|
Decent dormitory rooms for all
|
Rich students get better dorm rooms
|
Rich students get better dorm rooms
|
Education is the priority
|
Sports and research are priority
|
Sports and research are priority
|
University accountable to taxpayer
|
University accountable to Board of Trustees
|
University accountable to Board of Trustees
|
Low Teacher/Student Ratio
|
High Teacher/Student Ratio
|
High Teacher/Student Ratio
|
Mission favors education of in-state students above all other
priorities
|
Mission favors continuous Bldg. expansion over education of in-state
students
|
Mission favors continuous Bldg. expansion over education of in-state
students
|
Board of Trustees accountable to public
|
Board of Trustees accountable to business interests
|
Board of Trustees accountable to business interests
|
Diversity reflected in student body, faculty and staff
|
Enroll, hire and retain based on qualifications
|
Diversity reflected in student body, faculty and staff
|
Sustainable development practices consistent with land carrying
capacity
|
Unchecked development without long term sustainability considerations
|
Unchecked development without long term sustainability considerations
|
With the exception of
UCONN’s emphasis on the principles of diversity in the student body and staff,
all of the above listed aspects of the university’s educational services are
geared toward private benefits – all of which are inconsistent with the
principles of public benefit to the state’s taxpayers. For example, what is the
public value of offering variable dormitory rates? Do Connecticut taxpayers and
their college eligible children benefit by this business strategy or is it
merely a means to attract out of state students willing and able to pay nearly
double the tuition and room and board rates of in-state students?
The University of Connecticut
is at a cross-roads; it can choose to continue on its current path of serving
the business interests of the state or it can re-establish itself as an
institution working for the public good.
For arguments sake, below we outline a series of recommendations that
restructure the administration of UCONN with the objective of resolving
Mansfield’s town/gown issues and making the university more accountable to the
public. The six major recommendations are; 1) privatize the university, 2)
reorganize its Board of Trustees, 3) accommodate all students in on-campus
housing, 4) decentralize its Storrs campus, 5) re-structure UCONN’s financial
portfolio and 6) create a Task Force sponsored by the state legislature to
accomplish these objectives.
Divest UCONN of Governmental Authorities & Treat it Like a "for Profit Corporation"
Eliminate the University's Standing as a Government Agency
For years, UCONN has
functioned above local land use, environmental and public health laws. Indeed
its only masters are the Governor and the state legislature - both of whom have
treated UCONN as an important element of the state's business. If the Governor
wishes to consider UCONN an important driver for business in the state, then
UCONN should be converted into a private for profit corporation or private
non-profit organization and divested of its immunity from local laws and
regulations.
Let's call a spade a
spade. If UCONN charges tuition that competes with the stratospheric costs
found at Ivy League schools (i.e., UCONN now charges $54,000 for out-of-state
student tuition and fees) and yet is a state supported institution intended to
serve the general public, then arguably UCONN no longer functions in the public
interest. For example, as mentioned above UCONN offers dormitory rooms at
variable prices so it can attract rich out of state students who can afford
deluxe accommodations. When has "luxury housing" become a public good
the Connecticut State Legislature should sanction and promote?
Similarly, when does
UCONN function as a private institution serving the needs of out of state
students over residents of this state?
Homer Babbidge, UCONN's former president believed out of state students
should never comprise more than 20 or 25% of its enrollment to meet its state
land grant objectives yet in 2015 out of state freshmen students comprised 37%
of their class excluding overseas students.
If international students were included the percentage would be 42% of
the freshmen class. Why should Connecticut residents be underwriting costs for
an institution that arguably is not serving the state's public interest? It
should be noted, that for the first sixty years of its existence, the
University and its predecessor institutions, only accepted enrollment from state
residents (note: effective July 1 1941 this legal restriction was eliminated by
the state legislature).
Since World War II UCONN
has de-emphasized its agricultural land grant mission for a healthy dose of
liberal arts education and more recently by embracing the trendy concept of
STEM education – Science Technology, Engineering and Medicine. In the space of
sixty seven (67) years UCONN has systematically expanded its mission to be an
educator for the world without the checks and balances applied to other profit
making organizations and without keeping the educational needs of Connecticut
residents as its first priority. It is not a coincidence that the state’s
fiscal appropriations for UCONN have dramatically declined as a share of its
total annual budget over the last seventy five years. As UCONN expanded its
mission to educate out-of-state students, capture federal and private sector
research funds and raised tuition, the state legislature dropped its financial
support from 53% of its budget in 1962 to only 17% in 2016. Yet despite the limited state support for the
university’s annual budgetary needs, the state has continued to treat UCONN as
a privileged entity deserving of the vast range of executive powers uniquely
ascribed to the sovereign state. Since
UCONN has made this slow and gradual transition from an institution serving the
state’s public good to one with an international business mission, few at the
state capital have taken notice of its misuse of powers as long as it “beat the
drum” of better business and contributed to the state’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
Other major universities
in New England, including Harvard, Yale, Brown and Dartmouth are private
institutions without access to the state subsidies given to UCONN. UCONN,
like all of the great universities of New England must be held accountable to
local land use, environmental, public health and safety and housing laws. What
is the public benefit of exempting UCONN from these laws?
The history of the last
fifty years has clearly shown that immunity from local regulations and
preferential treatment by state regulators in the issuance of environmental
permits, the release of questionable Findings of No Significant Impact on
environmental impact studies and the lax oversight of UCONN’s multi-billion
dollar construction program have created serious environmental damages in
Mansfield and numerous surrounding towns (this is discussed in more detail on an earlier blog post addressing UCONN's housing and environmental crises and in a separate blog on the legislative history of the University of Connecticut).
|
Reduce Size of Board of Trustees and Make it Accountable to Alumni and Mansfield |
Reorganize the Membership of the University's Board of Trustees
Currently 16 of the 21
board members are either appointed by the Governor (12), are the Governor's own
cabinet members (3) and the Governor himself. Two alumni and two students
make up the balance of the board. Since its founding in 1881, the university has
gradually expanded board of trustee membership (note: 9 members in 1881; 12 in
1925; 14 in 1975; 19 in 1982 and 21 in 2005) while shifting more power of
appointment to the Governor of Connecticut. Business and political appointees
of the Governor represent the controlling interests of UCONN’s Board of
Trustees.
Instead of political
appointees, UCONN should select most of its Board membership just like Harvard
does - by popular election from its university alumni (note: Harvard’s Board of
Overseers has 30 alumni represented on its 31 member Board). However,
unlike Harvard, UCONN should have a less unwieldy Board composed of only 15
members and these members should be selected by alumni and the residents of Mansfield
and the satellite campuses. Four of the
appointments to the Board should be made by the Mansfield Town Council or by
direct vote of the citizens and the balance of trustees selected by a direct
vote of the university’s alumni. The logic for such an approach should be
obvious to those that have witnessed the disequilibrium of power between
Mansfield and the UCONN Board of Trustees.
Off Campus Housing for Rich Out of State and Overseas Students - This is NOT the Answer |
Require UCONN to meet its Housing Responsibilities for all Undergraduate Students
To accomplish this
objective, the state legislature must adopt a "balanced budget"
approach to the acceptance of incoming undergraduate students. UCONN must house
ALL of its undergraduate students on campus as a matter of law. This is not a
radical approach to Mansfield’s housing crisis. The State legislature required
the Connecticut Agricultural College and its successor the University of
Connecticut to restrict enrollment to 500 students during the period April 26,
1925 to July 1939 when dormitory space was in short supply. Rather than
allowing the Board of Trustees to unilaterally make the decision on how many
students are allowed to attend UCONN’s Storrs campus, the legislature should
require them to annually consult with the Mansfield Town Council to
ensure the university considers the off-campus housing impacts created by
enrollment decisions. This consultative
approach is needed whether or not the state legislature finds the concept of a
private non-profit organization as a palatable solution for solving UCONN’s
failed public mission. Dialogue – rather than legislation – may be the first
step and this can only happen if the Board of Trustees better represents the
interests of the alumni and the citizens of Connecticut.
Similarly, state
legislation must be enacted that restricts future financial support for the
university to the construction of on campus dormitories as the first priority
until the housing crisis is resolved. UCONN's penchant for new sports
stadiums, bigger recreational centers, larger laboratories and bigger libraries
may all be appealing to donors but must be put on hold until the student
housing crisis is resolved. The state legislature set a dangerous precedent by
allowing private donor funds to drive UCONN’s building program without
grounding such capital intensive building decisions on the basis of the public
good in general and public education in particular (think football stadiums,
sports centers, sports training facilities, etc.).
For those who claim that
many other schools have more off-campus students than UCONN, we reply that one
man's mistakes are not another man's opportunities. The question of
responsibility for housing students on campus has been plaguing UCONN since nearly
its founding in 1881. Past university presidents have treated students like a
herd of cattle with little regard for their living conditions or public safety.
During the last thirty years there have been countless cases of overcrowded
dormitories and yet the Board of Trustees, while it is aware of the existence
of these issues, has done little to resolve these housing conditions or to
curtail the blight of off campus student housing that has devastated many
stable Mansfield neighborhoods.
In some years, students
have been packed in rooms much like the Irish immigrants of the 19th century
that lived in deplorable tenements in New York City, Boston and other ports of
arrival. Surely, UCONN can do better for its students. Yet it isn't just the
students that need to be considered. UCONN's failure to meet its housing needs
has forced thousands of students to live off campus if they wished to continue
their studies during their Junior or Senior years. The result has been an
infestation of student rental housing throughout Mansfield that has destroyed
many stable neighborhoods.
The solution, we
contend, is a seven year plan to transition the university from its current
predicament of only 71% of its undergraduates housed on campus to over 90% by
the 2025. Given the limited fiscal resources of the state of Connecticut,
UCONN may need to rely on its private fund raising capabilities and other
non-governmental donors to achieve this goal. Rather than seeking donor funds
for sports centers, UCONN needs to attract donors who will invest in "name
plate" housing if that is what it takes. A Board of Trustees composed of
residents of Mansfield and the satellite campuses would be a step in the right
direction and facilitate the transition of UCONN from a business behemoth to
one working in harmony with its host municipalities.
Divest Storrs Campus of Being the Only Four Year College |
Decentralize the University Education System
UCONN has long been
caught in the illusion that bigger is better and that more resources are needed
regardless of their environmental or social consequences. Currently,
UCONN has campuses in Hartford, Waterbury, Avery Point, Groton, and Stamford.
All of these locations already offer four year college degrees but they
continue to function as "feeder schools" to the UCONN campus in
Storrs due to the limited range of courses offered. By decentralizing UCONN’s
faculty, curriculum and students, the university and Mansfield will be better
able to live within the water and waste-water constraints imposed by the
fragile river systems within the watersheds of the Willimantic and Natchaug
rivers. More importantly, a decentralized university system can create
centers of excellence throughout the state – not just in Mansfield. This approach has been taken by the State
University of New York in which each of its regional campuses functions as a
unique center of academic excellence.
Mansfield is a rural
town and its road system was not designed to accommodate urban traffic volumes
envisioned in UCONN's Next Generation Master Plan. In the world of public
health, health planners created the concept of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to
help people determine when they are overweight. While there is no comparable
BMI concept for sustainable development in Mansfield, it is clear by any
standard that UCONN is "overweight" and its poor health is endangering
not only its own future but that of the surrounding towns. For example, in 2015
when UCONN took over 1.5 million gallons of water from outside of its own
watershed - a taking sanctioned by the Connecticut Department of Energy and
Environmental Protection - it clearly showed it was living beyond the carrying
capacity of its own land holdings and those of Mansfield.
Decentralizing UCONN
will have many salutary effects on the economies of major urban centers in
Connecticut where urban infrastructure already exists to support an expanded
university curriculum. Those who believe in the idea that "if you build it
they will come" have unfortunately failed the first principles required of
anyone who receives the degree of Master of City Planning.
Cities already have the
existing infrastructure to meet housing, transportation, public water and sewer
services. Expanding a rural college into a mega-university in one of the most
rural areas of eastern Connecticut, is an example of a misuse of federal, state
and local tax dollars. It is not surprising that UCONN does not offer any
courses in urban planning because if it did, it would set a poor example for any
serious student of urban affairs. Example is always better than precept.
Restructure UCONN’s Financial Portfolio
The education bubble
rests on a collective belief that higher education is a personal and public
benefit. For many of the post- World War II years, there was a direct
correlation between income levels and educational attainments. While education
continues to be an important entry card for many forms of employment, in the
post 2001 American economy a college degree offers far less value than fifty
years ago. Yet despite the declining
economic value of getting a college education and tuition far out-pacing inflation,
the education bubble has yet to be deflated. It is, of course, only a matter of
time.
In Connecticut, the
state legislature authorized over $4 billion in capital funds for the UCONN
2000 program and its sequel called Next Generation or NEXT GEN for short. This
level of capital investment may be the single largest infusion of state funds for
university infrastructure in American history. These funds have not only dramatically
expanded UCONN’s building inventory (as of 2014 UCONN had over 500 buildings on
its Storrs campus) they have also expanded state debt and fueled a tuition
crisis. According to a recent article in the July 25, 2016 issue of the Atlantic,
“the backlog of maintenance has only grown since the economic downturn. It’s up
18 percent since 2007 at private, nonprofit campuses and 22 percent at public
universities and colleges, according to Sightlines, a higher-education-facilities
consulting firm.”
UCONN’s massive debt –
embodied in over $5 billion in capital investments – counting state and other
funding sources - flies in the face of a growing trend toward less building
dependent educational systems. Fiber optic technology and the growth of online
learning systems promises to provide dramatically less expensive education to
college age students in the near future.
The high capital investment in university buildings and the high cost of
tenured faculty portend a massive shift in educational priorities over the next
two decades (see Decline and Revival in Higher Education, by Herbert London published in 2010). Simply
stated, UCONN may be pricing itself out of the education market when the
Internet offers a wide array of online courses at a fraction of the cost.
How can UCONN’s massive
debt be reduced without compromising its historic mission of providing an
affordable public education? It certainly
will not be through more state subsidies – Connecticut taxpayers are fed up
with this government largess. The solution depends on privatizing UCONN so its
assets can be purchased by business interests and philanthropic organizations
rather than the taxpayer. Inevitably,
tuition must go up to keep up with the university’s mounting debt and to cover
the increasing costs for maintenance of its massive infrastructure.
Concluding Thoughts - A State Task Force
To accomplish these five
highly timely objectives, the Mansfield Town Council, the residents of
Mansfield and other interested parties will need to make a compelling business
case that this is the best strategy for both the university and for the town.
The university will benefit from becoming a private for profit corporation or a
private non-profit organization since it will no longer need to rely on
governmental sources of funding including the restrictions that such funding
entails. With the state's near bankruptcy condition, this is not a difficult
case to make because UCONN is very unlikely to continue getting preferential
financial treatment as it has over the last 100 years. Certainly,
divesting UCONN from state government will have an important impact on the
university staff that are now considered state employees. A transition
plan will be required that sunsets UCONN faculty and staff from state
employment. A combination of approaches should be considered including a
transfer of state retirement programs to the new university corporation and the
buyout of those within 5 years of retirement age.
To achieve these
objectives the state legislature needs to create an independent task force
composed of business leaders, academic representative from the university,
alumni, residents of Mansfield and other campus branches as well as
distinguished scholars and university presidents from prestigious universities
that operate in private non-profit and private for profit modes. Such a task
force, established by special legislation should be given at least two years to
develop a strategy to achieve these objectives along with a budget to cover
consulting costs, travel and administration work required to complete this
work.
Similar task force
strategies were used in earlier eras when UCONN was considering expansion of
its mission into medicine and law and needed the legislative and financial
support of the state of Connecticut and private donors.
The time is ripe for a
reassessment of the University's role in the 21st century - especially with
dramatic reductions in federal and state funding which are already forcing
UCONN to develop financial counter-measure plans to survive over the next five
years as student enrollment declines in direct proportion to increasing
tuition. Part and parcel with the tuition crisis, the state’s taxpayers
are demanding greater fiscal accountability in state government and one of the
most important first steps toward fiscally responsible government is
privatizing the University of Connecticut and divesting it from its privileged
position as the holder of sovereign powers within the municipalities it
presumably serves.
Research Methods:
Details on the sources and methods used in this research can be found by clicking on Notes on the Research Supporting this Blog.
Research Methods:
Details on the sources and methods used in this research can be found by clicking on Notes on the Research Supporting this Blog.
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